Which ethical principle emphasizes fairness and equality in research?

The principle that emphasizes fairness and equality in research is justice. This ethical principle is primarily concerned with ensuring that research participants are treated fairly and that the benefits and burdens of research are distributed equitably across different groups. In practice, this means that no particular group should bear an undue share of risks, nor should certain groups be exploited for the benefit of others.

Justice also advocates for equal access to the benefits of research, ensuring that marginalized or disadvantaged populations are not excluded from participating in studies that may lead to important advancements in knowledge or health. This principle is essential in promoting ethical practices within research, helping to safeguard participants' rights and foster trust in the research community.

In contrast, non-maleficence focuses on the obligation to avoid causing harm, autonomy emphasizes respect for individuals' rights to make informed decisions about their participation, and beneficence denotes the obligation to act in the best interest of the participants by maximizing potential benefits. While all these principles are vital in the context of research ethics, justice specifically addresses the issues of fairness and equality directly.