What does the term 'operationalization' refer to in psychological research?

The term 'operationalization' in psychological research is focused on the process of defining and measuring variables in such a way that they can be empirically tested. This involves taking abstract concepts (like happiness, intelligence, or stress) and clearly defining them in measurable terms so that they can be observed and quantified in studies.

For example, if researchers are interested in studying "happiness," they need to operationalize it by determining how they will measure it—this might involve using a specific questionnaire or a behavioral observation. By doing so, researchers ensure that their studies can yield reliable and valid results, making it possible to analyze data and draw conclusions based on the defined variables.

In contrast, the other options focus on different aspects of psychological research but do not capture the core concept of operationalization. Analyzing psychological phenomena through qualitative means pertains to methods of data collection rather than the definition of variables. Assessing therapeutic interventions and evaluating mental health outcomes in clinical trials relate to the application and effectiveness of psychological practices rather than the foundational aspect of making concepts measurable for research.