According to social identity theory, how do individuals perceive themselves?

Social identity theory posits that individuals derive a significant part of their self-concept from the groups to which they belong, known as in-groups, as well as from groups they do not belong to, referred to as out-groups. This theory highlights that people categorize themselves and others into various social groups, which influences their behavior, attitudes, and perceptions of themselves and others.

The identification with in-groups gives rise to a sense of belonging and self-esteem, while the differentiation from out-groups can contribute to social cohesion within the in-group and can foster biases against the out-groups. As such, individuals are not viewed in isolation but rather as beings who are shaped and defined by their social contexts and group memberships. This perspective provides a framework for understanding interpersonal and intergroup dynamics, making it crucial for analyzing social behavior in various settings.

The other options do not accurately reflect the principles of social identity theory. Viewing oneself solely as an individual without group influence overlooks the fundamental role that group memberships play in identity formation. Recognizing personal achievements or societal norms alone would not capture the complexity of identity that arises from interpersonal relationships within social groups. Therefore, the correct option emphasizes the integral relationship between personal identity and social group affiliations.